Does it need a battery or charging?

No. None of the three objects has a battery, electronics to charge, or anything to switch on.

Each one holds a passive NFC tag: it draws the tiny bit of power it needs from the phone that scans it, for the split second it is read. The rest of the time it does nothing and wears nothing out.

That means it just works, for years, with zero maintenance. There is nothing to plug in and nothing that can run flat, which is exactly what you want from something you are counting on in an emergency.